National Security and Double Government

Michael J. Glennon

Tufts University – The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
January 10, 2014 / Harvard National Security Journal 1 (2014)

Abstract:

National security policy in the United States has remained largely constant from the Bush Administration to the Obama Administration. This continuity can be explained by the “double government” theory of the 19th-century scholar of the English Constitution, Walter Bagehot. As applied to the United States, Bagehot’s theory suggests that U.S. national security policy is defined by the network of executive officials who manage the departments and agencies responsible for protecting U.S. national security and who, responding to structural incentives embedded in the U.S. political system, operate largely removed from public view and from constitutional constraints. The public believes that the constitutionally-established institutions control national security policy, but that view is mistaken. Judicial review is negligible; congressional oversight is dysfunctional; and presidential control is nominal. Absent a more informed and engaged electorate, little possibility exists for restoring accountability in the formulation and execution of national security policy.

Number of Pages in PDF File: 114

Keywords: national security, double government,terrorism, Obama, Bush, military tribunal, Guantanamo, habeas, ABM, drone, CIA, NSA, torture, covert operations, cyberwar, state secrets, national security letters, surveillance, whistleblowers, espionage, metadata, Bagehot, civic virtue, Truman, Madison, Mills

Accepted Paper Series

National Security and Double Government by Michael J. Glennon :: SSRN.

http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Fletcher_Directory/Directory/Faculty%20Profile?personkey=7B7E5873-3A9E-4C26-BF94-6D307379EA2A

Michael J. Glennon

Professor of International Law

Biography

Michael J. Glennon is Professor of International Law at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, in Medford, Massachusetts. Prior to going into teaching, he was Legal Counsel to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (1977-1980) and Assistant Counsel in the Office of the Legislative Counsel of the United States Senate (1973-1977). In 1998 he was Distinguished Professor of International and Constitutional Law, Vytautus Magnus University School of Law, Kaunas, Lithuania. During the 2001-2002 academic year he was a Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC. In 2005 he was Thomas Hawkins Johnson Visiting Scholar at the United States Military Academy, West Point. In 2006 he was Director of Studies at the Hague Academy of International Law. He has been professor invité at the University of Paris II (Panthéon-Assas) since 2006. Professor Glennon has served as a consultant to various congressional committees, the U.S. State Department, and the International Atomic Energy Agency. He is a member of the American Law Institute and the Council on Foreign Relations. Professor Glennon is the author of numerous articles on constitutional and international law as well as several books. These include Limits of Law, Prerogatives of Power: Interventionism after Kosovo (Palgrave: 2001); United States Foreign Relations and National Security Law, 3rd ed. (with Thomas M. Franck and Sean Murphy; West Publishing Company: 2008); When No Majority Rules, (Congressional Quarterly Press (1992); Constitutional Diplomacy (Princeton University Press: 1990); and Foreign Affairs and the U.S. Constitution (co-edited with Louis Henkin and William D. Rogers; Transnational Publishers: 1990). He served on the Board of Editors of the American Journal of International Law from 1986 to 1999. Professor Glennon has testified before the International Court of Justice and congressional committees. A frequent commentator on public affairs, he has spoken widely within the United States and abroad and appeared on Nightline, the Today Show, NPR’s All Things Considered and other national news programs. His op-ed pieces have appeared in the New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, International Herald-Tribune, Financial Times, and Frankfurt Allgemeine Zeitung.
Curriculum Vitae – Michael J. Glennon

Professional Activities

Member, Council on Foreign Relations, American Law Institute
Professeur Invité, University of Paris II (Panthéon-Assas), 2006-2013
Professor of Law, University of California, Davis (1987-2002)
Thomas Hawkins Johnson Visiting Scholar at the United States Military Academy, West Point (2005)
Director of Studies at the Hague Academy of International Law (2006)
Fulbright Distinguished Professor of Law, Vytautus Magnus University School of Law, Kaunas, Lithuania (1998)
Fellow, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (2001-2002)
private law practice, Washington, D.C. (1980-1981)
Legal Counsel, Senate Foreign Relations Committee (1977-1980)
Assistant Counsel, Office of the Legislative Counsel, U.S. Senate (1973-1977)
Consultant to U.S. Department of State (2004 – 2007), International Atomic Energy Agency (1998), Senate Foreign Relations Committee (1988) and Senate Judiciary Committee (1987)
Deak Prize recipient, American Society of International Law (1984)

Research Interests

Use of Force
Terrorism
Preemption
American Hegemony
Congress and Foreign Policy
Presidential Power
U.S. Foreign Relations Law
United Nations
International Law

Read Professor Michael J. Glennon’s complete Research Profile.

ARTICLES
• National Security and Double Government, 5 Harvard National Security Journal 1 (2014)
• The Road Ahead: Gaps, Leaks and Drips
• Preempting Proliferation: International Law, Morality and Nuclear Weapons, 25 European Journal of International Law 110 (2013).
• “The Blank-Prose Crime of Aggression,” 35 Yale Journal of International Law, Winter, 2010.
• Glennon, Michael J. “De l’absurdite du droit imperatif.” Revue Generale de Droit International Public 110, no. 3 (2006).
• Glennon, Michael J. “NPT Withdrawal.” Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 30, no. 3 (2006): 43-52.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Platonism, Adaptivism, and Illusion in UN Reform.” Chicago Journal of International Law 6, no. 2 (2006): 613-640.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Emerging Use-of-Force Paradigm.” The Journal of Conflict and Security Law 11, no. 3 (2006): 309-317.
• Glennon, Michael J. “How International Rules Die.” Georgetown Law Journal 93, (2005): 939-991.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Idealism in the U.N. ” Policy Review 129, (2005): -.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Sometimes a Great Notion.” The Wilson Quarterly 27, no. 4 (2003): 45-49.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Teaching National Security Law.” Journal of Legal Education 55, no. 1 (2005): 49-56.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Does International Law Matter?” Journal of Social Affairs 21, no. 81 (2004): 89-.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Rise and Fall of the U.N.’s Charter Use of Force Rules.” Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 27, no. 3 (2004): 497-510.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Presidential Power to Wage War Against Iraq.” The Green Bag 6, (2003): 183-.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Self-Determination and Cultural Diversity.” Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 27, no. 2 (2003): 75-84.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Case that Made the Court.” The Wilson Quarterly 27, no. 3 (2003): 20-28.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The UN Security Council in a Unipolar World.” Virginia Journal of International Law 44, no. 1 (2003): 91-112.
• Glennon, Michael J. “United Nations: Time for a New Inquiry?” International Law Forum du Droit International 5, no. 4 (2003): 283-287.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Why the Security Council Failed.” Foreign Affairs 82, no. 3 (2003): 16-35.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Preempting Terrorism: The Case for Anticipatory Self-Defense.” The Weekly Standard 7, no. 19 (2002): 24.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Terrorism and the Limits of Law.” The Wilson Quarterly 26, no. 2 (2002).
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Fog of Law: Self-Defense, Inherence, and Incoherence in the United Nations Charter.” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 25, no. 2 (2002): 539-559.
• Glennon, Michael J. “American Hegemony in an Unplanned World Order.” The Journal of Conflict and Security Law 5, no. 1 (2000).
• Glennon, Michael J. “The New Interventionism: The Search for a Just International Law.” Foreign Affairs 78, no. 3 (1999): 2-.
• Glennon, Michael J. “A Madisonian Perspective on International Institutions: Overcommitment, Undercommitment, and Getting it Right.” University of Colorado Law Review 70, no. 4 (1999): 1589-1594.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Congressional Access to Classified Information.” Berkeley Journal of International Law 16, no. 1 (1998): 126-137.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Government Lawyering: Who’s the Client? Legislative Lawyering Through the Rear-View Mirror.” Law & Contemporary Problems 61, no. 2 (1998): 21-30.
• Glennon, Michael J. Process versus Policy in Foreign Relations: A Review of Foreign Affairs And The Constitution, by Louis Henkin (2nd ed., 1996), 95 Michigan Law Review 1101 (May, 1997).
• Glennon, Michael J. “Sovereignty and Community After Haiti: Rethinking Collective Use of Force.” American Journal of International Law 89, no. 1 (1995): 70-74.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Too Far Apart: Repeal the War Powers Resolution.” University of Miami Law Review 50, no. 1 (1995): 17-32.
• Glennon, Michael J and A. Hayward. “Collective Security and the Constitution: Can the Commander-in-Chief Power Be Delegated to the United Nations?.” Georgetown Law Journal 82, no. 4 (1994): 1573-1604.
• Glennon, Michael J. State-Sponsored Abductions: A Comment on United States v. Alvarez-Machain, 86 American Journal of International Law 747 (1992).
• Glennon, Michael J. The Gulf War and the Constitution, 70 FOREIGN AFFAIRS 84 (Spring, 1991)[reprinted in T. LOWI, B. GINSBERG & A. HEARST, READINGS AND STUDY GUIDE FOR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT: FREEDOM AND POWER (2nd ed., 1992); C. FRENCH & H. BLUMBERG, THE GULF WAR: VIEWS FROM THE SOCIAL SCIENCES (1993); J. Roseti, READINGS IN THE POLITICS OF U.S. FOREIGN POLICY (1997)].
• Glennon, Michael J. Has International Law Failed the Elephant? 84 American Journal of International Law 1 (19¬90)
• Glennon, Michael J. The Constitution and Chapter VII of the UN Charter, 85 American Journal of International Law 74 (1991).
• Glennon, Michael J. Review of In The Name of War: Judicial Review and the War Powers Since 1918, by C. May, in 76 Journal of American History 1302 (1990).
• Glennon, Michael J. Publish and Perish: Congress’s Effort to Snip Snepp, Before and AFSA, 10 Michigan Journal of International Law 163 (1989).
• Glennon, Michael J. Interpreting “Interpretation”: The President, the Senate, and When Treaty Interpretation Becomes Treaty Making, 20 UC Davis Law Review 912 (July, 1987), reprinted in THE ABM TREATY AND THE CONSTITUTION: JOINT HEARINGS BEFORE THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS AND JUDICIARY, 99th Cong., 2d Sess. 821-828 (1987).
• Glennon, Michael J. Protecting the Court’s Institutional Interests: Why Not the Marbury Approach?, 81 American Journal of International Law 121 (January, 1987).
• Glennon, Michael J. Book Review, The Making of International Agreements: Congress Confronts the Executive, by Loch Johnson, 80 American Journal of International Law 1005 (October, 1986).
• Glennon, Michael J. Can the President Do No Wrong? 80 American Journal of International Law 923 (Oct., 1986).
• Glennon, Michael J. United States Mutual Security Treaties: The Commitment Myth, 24 Colombia Journal of Transnational Law 509 (April, 1986); excerpts also appear as The NATO Treaty: The Commitment Myth, in First Use of Nuclear Weapons: Under the Constitution, Who Decides?? (P. Raven-Hansen, ed.; Greenwood Press).
• Glennon, Michael J. Nicaragua v. United States of America: Con¬stitutionality of U.S. Modification of ICJ Jurisdic¬tion, 79 American Journal of International Law 571 (July, 1985).
• Glennon, Michael J. Raising The Paquete Habana: Is Violation of Customary International Law by the Executive Unconstitutional? 80 Northwestern Law Review 321 (Nov., 1985).
• Glennon, Michael J. The War Powers Resolution Ten Years Later: More Politics Than Law, 78 American Journal of International Law 571 (July, 1984).
• Glennon, Michael J. Liaison and the Law: Foreign Intelligence Agencies’ Activities in the United States, 25 HARVARD INTERNA¬TIONAL LAW JOURNAL 1 (Winter, 1984).
• Glennon, Michael J. Personal Autonomy in DEMOCRACY AND DISTRUST, 1 CONSTITUTIONAL COMMENTARY 229 (Summer, 1984).
• Glennon, Michael J. The Use of Custom in Resolving Separation of Powers Disputes, 64 Boston University Law Review 109 (1984).
• Glennon, Michael J. The Senate Role in Treaty Ratification, 77 American Journal of International Law 257 (April, 1983).
• Glennon, Michael J. Treaty Process Reform: Saving Constitutionalism Without Destroying Diplomacy, University of Cinnicinati Law Review 84 (April, 1983).
• Glennon, Michael J. Strengthening the War Powers Resolution: The Case for Purse-strings Restric¬tions, 60 Minnesota Law Review 1 (November, 1975).
• Glennon, Michael J. Law, Power, and Principles, 107 American Journal of International Law 378 (2013).
• Glennon, Michael J. The Road Ahead: Gaps, Leaks and Drips.

BOOKS
• The Fog of Law: Pragmatism, Security, and International Law by Michael J. Glennon
• Glennon, Michael J. Limits of Law, Prerogatives of Power: Intervention After Kosovo. Palgrave, 2001.
• Glennon, Michael J, Donald E. Lively, Phoebe A. Hadden, Dorothy E. Roberts and Russell L. Weaver. A Constitutional Law Anthology. Anderson Publishing Company, 1997.
• Glennon, Michael J. Foreign Relations and National Security Law: Cases, Materials and Simulations. West Publishing Company, 1993.
• Glennon, Michael J and Thomas M. Franck. United States Foreign Relations and National Security Law, 2nd Ed. West Publishing Company, 1993.
• Glennon, Michael J. When No Majority Rules: The Electoral College and Presidential Succession. Congressional Quarterly Press, 1992.
• Glennon, Michael J. Constitutional Diplomacy. Princeton University Press, 1990.
• Glennon, Michael J. Foreign Affairs and the U.S. Constitution.

BOOK CHAPTERS
• Glennon, Michael J. “Un Combat Sui Generis.” In Justifier La Guerre?, eds. Gilles Andreani and Pierre Hassner, Sciences Po Les Presses, 2005.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Droit, Legitimate, et Intervention Militaire.” In Justifier La Guerre?, eds. Gilles Andreani and Pierre Hassner, Sciences Po Les Presses, 2005.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The United States: Democracy, Hegemony, and Accountability.” In Democratic Accountibility and the Use of Force in International Law, eds. C. Ku and H. Jacobson, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Electoral College.” In ENCARTA, Microsoft Encyclopedia, 2003.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Louis Fisher and Diplomacy: Foreign Affairs and Coordinate Review.” In Politics and Constitutionalism: The Louis Fisher Connection, ed. R. Spitzer, SUNY Press, 2000.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Separation of Powers.” In Supplement II of the Encyclopedia of the American Constitution, eds. L. Levy, K. Karst, and A. Winkler, Macmillan, 1999.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The United States: Taking Environmental Treaties Seriously.” In Engaging Countries: Strengthening Compliance with International Environmental Accords, eds. H. Jacobson and E. Brown Weiss, MIT Press, 1998.
• Glennon, Michael J. The Senate and Foreign Policy, in THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITU¬TION (Macmi¬llan: 1993).
• Glennon, Michael J. “The War Powers Resolution.” In The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World, Oxford University Press, 1993.
• Glennon, Michael J. The NATO Treaty; Little v. Barreme; The ANZUS Treaty; The Rio Treaty; Mutual Security Treaties; and The SEATO Treaty in An Encyclopedia of the American Presidency (1992).
• Glennon, Michael J. Two Views of Presidential Foreign Affairs Power: Little v. Barreme or United States v. Curtiss-Wright?, 13 Yale International Law Journal 5 (1988).
• Glennon, Michael J. Constitutional Issues in Terminating U.S. Acceptance, in The International Court of Justice at a Crossroads (L. Damrosch, ed.; Transnational Publishers, Inc., 1987).
• Glennon, Michael J. Investigating the Intelligence Community: The Process of Getting Information for Congress, in The Tethered Presidency 140 (T. Franck, ed.; NYU Press, 1981).
• Administrative Law, in I THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE AMERICAN JUDICIAL SYSTEM 233, Macmillan Publishing Company (1987).

CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Cyber-Drone Attack on Law,” Keynote Address, The World Affairs Council of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, March 1, 2012.
• Glennon, Michael J. “International authorization and Domestic War Powers,” Columbia Law School, New York City, January 31, 2012.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Nicaragua Case 25 Years Later: Its Impact on the Law and Court,” The Hague Academy of International Law, The Hague, Netherlands, June 27, 2011.
• Glennon, Michael J. “With Libya, the Security Council Is Not Congress,” Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA, April 6, 2011.
• Glennon, Michael J. Keynote Address, “Law, Libya, and Credibility,” Fletcher/World Economic Forum Symposium on International Law, Medford, MA, April 29, 2011.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Pragmatism and International Law,” George Washington Law School, Washington, DC, March 9, 2011.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Terrorism and the Use of Force,” Duke Law School, Durham, NC, April 16, 2010.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The United States, the Rule of Law and the Use of Force: The Practice of States since the Adoption of the UN Charter,” Council on Foreign Relations, New York, December 16, 2009.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Torture, Terrorism, and Ticking Time Bombs,” address to the American University of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia, Sept. 30, 2008.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The United States and the International Criminal Court,” Harvard Weatherhead Center conference, “World Order as a U.S.-European Issue,” Talloires, France, June 13, 2008.
• Glennon, Michael J. Testimony, “Negotiating a Long-Term Relationship with Iraq,”, Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Washington, DC, April 10, 2008.
• Testimony on Iraq before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, April 10, 2008,” (2008);
• Glennon, Michael J. Testimony, “War Powers in the 21st Century: The Constitutional Perspective,” Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights and Oversight, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DC, April 10, 2008.
• Glennon, Michael. Testimony, “U.S. Security Commitments to Iraq,” Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights and Oversight, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DC February 8, 2008.
• “Debate with Alain Pellet.” Hague Academy of International Law, September 7, 2007. (2007)
• Glennon, Michael J. “Force and the Settlement of Political Disputes” (debate with Alain Pellet), The Hague Colloquium on Topicality of the 1907 Hague Conference, September 7, 2007.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Constitutionality of Congressional Efforts to End the War in Iraq,” Panthéon-Assas (Paris II), Paris, March 20, 2007.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Peremptory Nonsense,” Panthéon-Assas (Paris II), Paris, March 24, 2006.
• Glennon, Michael J. “International Rules and American Pragmatism,” Sciences Po, Paris, March 23, 2006.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Legitimacy and the Use of Force: Discussion on the United Nations High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC, March 23, 2005.
• Glennon, Michael J. “UN Reform and the Use of Force, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, February 24, 2005.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Emerging Use-of-Force Paradigm,” Utrecht University, December 15, 2005.
• Glennon, Michael J. “International Legal Rules and Institutions: Why Do They Succeed or Fail?” Atlantic Council of the United States, Washington, DC, November 2, 2005.
• Glennon, Michael J. “A Non-Withdrawable NPT?” The Fletcher School, October 21, 2005.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Intervention, Preemption and the UN Charter,” Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, New Delhi, India, June 22, 2004.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Forging a Common Understanding: The United States and UN Reform,” conference sponsored by the U.S. Department of State and the Central Intelligence Agency, National Intelligence Council, Washington, DC, May 6, 2004.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Preemption of Threats to Security,” International Conference sponsored by the Aspen Institute, United Nations Foundation and Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The United Nations and New Threats: Rethinking Security, Rome, May 28, 2004.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The U.S. and Europe: Two Models for a New Political World Order,” debates with Prof. Herfried Münkler (Humboldt University, Berlin) at the Goethe Institut, New York (May 11, 2004) and Boston (May 13, 2004).
• Glennon, Michael J. “Does International Law Matter?”, plenary session, American Society of International Law, Washington, DC, April 2, 2004.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Glennon and His Critics,” panel discussion, International Studies Association, Montreal, March 19, 2004.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Coalition of the Willing: A (Mostly) Unilateral Exercise of Preventative Self-Defense,” New York University Law School, February 27, 2004.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Rise and Fall of the UN’s Use of Force Rules,” the Rudolf B. Schlesinger Lecture on International and Comparative Law, University of California, Hastings, College of Law, February 12, 2004
• Glennon, Michael J. “United Nations Reform: Challenges Ahead,” Council on Foreign Relations, New York, December 14, 2004.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Future of the United Nations,” National Defense University, Washington, DC, November 22, 2004.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Triggers of War,” World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland, January 22, 2004.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Authority and Legitimacy in Use of Force,” Symposium on Moral Dilemmas of Military Intervention, Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Internationales, Paris, January 16, 2004.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Law, Intelligence and Security,” CIA Intelligence Fellows Program, Wye River, Maryland, August 7, 2003.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Global Risks and Realities: The Role of the UN,” John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, May 3, 2003.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The UN Security Council in a Unipolar World,” Fletcher Alumni Association, Medford, May 15, 2003; and Talloires, France, June 7, 2003.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Preemption: The Policy Implications,” Council on Foreign Relations, Harvard University, May 15, 2003.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Self-defense in a Age of Terrorism,” American Society of International Law, Washington, DC, April 4, 2003.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Why the Security Council Failed,” Foreign Policy Roundtable, New York City, April 30, 2003.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Collapse of the UN Charter’s Use-of-Force Rules,” International Law Society, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, December 4, 2003.
• Glennon, Michael J. “American Primacy,” Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, Chicago, November 18, 2003.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Using Military Force: Duties and Restraints,” Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs, New York City, November 14, 2003.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The American Approach To Unilateralism and Multilateralism in International Law,” Institute for Legal Policy, University of Trier, Germany, October 9, 2003.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Can the United Nations Survive?” World Policy Institute, New School, New York City, October 2, 2003.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Who Can Order War?” American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC, January 23, 2003.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Reflections on J. William Fulbright,” keynote address to incoming Fulbright scholars, Roosevelt Hotel, New York City, March 7, 2002.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Use of Force,” Marshall-Wythe School of Law, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, February 5, 2002.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Detention of Guantanamo Prisoners and the Geneva Conventions,” George Washington University Law School, Washington, DC, February 13, 2002.
• Glennon, Michael J. Interview, “The Supreme Court and Presidential Powers,” C-SPAN Washington Journal, February 10, 2002.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Role of the United Nations in Maintaining International Peace and Security in the 21st Century,” American Branch, International Law Association, New York City, October 25, 2002.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Balance and Limits in Post-September 11th America,” address to incoming Ron Brown Scholars, Wyndham City Hotel, Washington, DC, January 25, 2002.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The United Nations Charter and the War Against Terrorism,” Georgetown University Law School, Washington, DC, November 26, 2001.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Terrorism and International Law,” Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, November 15, 2001.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The New Interventionism,” United Nations Association, Sacramento Chapter, Sacram¬ento, February 28, 2000.
• Glennon, Michael J. Interview, Nightline, ABC Television (electoral college and Supreme Court litigation), December 8, 2000.
• Glennon, Michael J. Interview, The Washington Post: Live On-Line (the Electoral College), December 14, 2000 (http://discuss.washingtonpost.com/zforum/00/freemedia121400_glennon.htm).
• Glennon, Michael J. Interview, All Things Considered, National Public Radio (deadline for selection of presidential electors), December 11, 2000.
• Glennon, Michael J. Interview, The Today Show, NBC Television (conflicting slates of presidential electors), December 1, 2000.
• Glennon, Michael J. “No. 1 refusenik talks to UCD prof on human rights” [interview with Anatole Sharan¬sky], 3 Dateline/UCD 1, Jan. 12, 1990.

OP-EDS
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Vague Crime of Aggression,” International Herald Tribune, April 6, 2010.
• Glennon, Michael J. “In Memoriam: Thomas M. Franck (1931-2009), 84 New York University Law Review 1385 (Dec., 2009).
• Glennon, Michael J. ‘Trying Terror: Two books on how our legal system is adjusting to terrorism,” Washington Post, Sept. 14, 2008.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Hill Approval Required Before Attacking Iran,” Roll Call, Dec. 4, 2007.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Go Long? Go Big? Go Back to Congress.” The Washington Post, 7 December 2006.
• Glennon, Michael J. “La réforme des Nations Unies: mythe ou projet?”, interview, Questions internationals, (Janvier-Févier 2005).
• Glennon, Michael J. “Welche Rolle spielt das Volkerrecht wirklich?”, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Sept. 27, 2004.
• Glennon, Michael J. “How U.S. Lawyers Read the Constitution: Sanctioning Torture,” International Herald Tribune, June 18, 2004.
• Glennon, Michael. “A Stronger Security Council Is No Solution,” Financial Times, December 13, 2004.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Louis Henkin,” Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law, Yale University Press (2004).
• Glennon, Michael J. “Der Traum,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, June 26, 2003.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The UN Security Council, Europe, and American Hegemony,” Aspenia (published by Aspen Institute Italia), June, 2003.
• Glennon, Michael J. “A Fractured Planet Needs Pragmatism,” International Herald Tribune, April 23, 2003.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Krieg im Irak: Bricht Amerika das Völkerrecht?” Focus, March 24, 2003.
• Glennon, Michael J. “How War Left the Law Behind.” The New York Times, 21 November 2002, 37.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Forging a Third Way to Fight: ‘Bush Doctrine’ for combating terrorism straddles divide between crime and war,” Legal Times, Sept. 24, 2001, at page 68.
• Glennon, Michael J. “There’s a Point to Going it Alone: Unilateralism Has Often Served Us Well.” The Washington Post, 12 August 2001, B02.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Catch: Justice Demands Different Treatment for Those Who Wage War Against Us.” The Washington Post, 23 December 2001, B01.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Yes, There Is an ABM Treaty,” Washington Post, Sept. 4, 2000, at page A25.
• Glennon, Michael J. “It’s Not Over Till It’s Over, and Maybe Not Then,” Washington Post (Sunday Outlook Section), Nov. 19, 2000, at page B02.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Charter: Does It Fit?”, 36 The United Nations Chronicle 32 (No. 2, July, 1999).
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Perfect World Heritage Site: Lake Tahoe,” The Tahoe Daily Tribune, July 14, 1997.
• Glennon, Michael J. “War by Default?”, New York Newsday, Sunday, Sept. 9, 1990 (p. 1 of “Ideas” Section).
• Glennon, Michael J. “Bush Was Wrong to Ignore Congress,” guest interview, USA Today, Sept. 12, 1990.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Congress’ Shrinking Role in Waging War: Lessons from Another Gulf,” The Sacramento Bee, Aug. 22, 1990.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Archaic Practice of ‘Recognition,'” The Christian Science Monitor, April 23, 1990.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The UN Security Council Can’t Substitute for Congress,” The Christian Science Monitor, Dec. 20, 1990.
• Glennon, Michael J. “A Legitimate Gulf Policy—Spell It Out,” The Sacramento Bee (Sunday Forum Section), Nov. 25, 1990.
• Glennon, Michael J. “In Memoriam: Leonard B. Boudin (1912-1989),” 23 U.C. Davis Law Review 773 (1990).
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Good Friday Accords: Legislative Veto by Another Name?” 83 American Journal of International Law 554 (editorial)(July, 1989).
• Glennon, Michael J. “Dukakis’ Pledge of Allegiance to the Constitution,” The Sacramento Bee, September 1, 1988.
• Glennon, Michael J. “In Foreign Policy, The Court Is Clear: President Is Subject to Will of Con¬gress,” Los Angeles Times (Sunday Forum Section), July 19, 1987 (reprinted in San Francisco Chronicle, July 29, 1987).
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Boland Amendment and the Power of the Purse,” Christian Science Monitor, June 15, 1987.
• Glennon, Michael J. “The Administration’s Reinterpretation of the ABM Treaty,” The Sacramento Bee, April 7, 1987.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Combining House, Senate Intelligence Committees a Simple-Minded Idea,” Atlanta Constitution, October 21, 1987 (with L. Johnson).
• Glennon, Michael J. “Disinvestment: Is It Constitutional?” The Sacramento Bee, September 25, 1986.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Mr. Sofaer’s War Powers ‘Partnership,'” 80 American Journal of International Law 584 (editorial)(July, 1986).
• Glennon, Michael J. “Terrorism and ‘Intentional Ignorance’,” Christian Science Monitor, March 20, 1986.
• Glennon, Michael J. Interview, The Today Show, by Bryant Gumbel (with Enrique Bermudez, contra military command¬er), March, 1985.
• Glennon, Michael J. “In Cuba, A Belief US Must Face Reality” (with Prof. Burns Weston), The Boston Globe, June 8, 1984 and The Cincinnati Enquirer, June 9, 1984.
• Glennon, Michael J. “War Powers Act and Common Sense,” Los Angeles Times, September 15, 1983.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Playboy and the Constitution,” The Cincinnati En¬quirer, June 10, 1983.
• Glennon, Michael J. “Some Compromise,” Christian Science Monitor, October 24, 1983.
• Glennon, Michael J. “AWACS, Reagan and the Law,” The Cincinnati Enquirer, October 21, 1981.